Benzene Sulfonamide: Properties, Applications, Synthesis, and Market Trends

Introduction to Benzene Sulfonamide

Benzene sulfonamide is an organic compound featuring a benzene ring attached to a sulfonamide group (-SO2NH2). This compound plays a significant role in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, organic chemistry, and materials science. Its diverse chemical properties make it an essential intermediate in the production of several important chemical compounds.

1. Chemical Properties of Benzene Sulfonamide
Benzene sulfonamide is characterized by the presence of both an aromatic benzene ring and a sulfonamide functional group. The sulfonamide group, which consists of a sulfur atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and attached to a nitrogen atom, is responsible for the chemical reactivity of benzene sulfonamide. Some key properties of benzene sulfonamide include:

Solubility: Benzene sulfonamide is moderately soluble in polar solvents, such as water and ethanol, due to the presence of the sulfonamide group. However, it is less soluble in non-polar solvents, such as hexane, due to the hydrophobic nature of the benzene ring.

Reactivity: The sulfonamide group is highly reactive in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions and can also participate in nucleophilic substitution. This makes benzene sulfonamide a useful intermediate in organic synthesis.

Stability: Benzene sulfonamide is generally stable under standard conditions. However, it can be sensitive to acidic or basic conditions and may decompose when exposed to strong acids or bases.

These properties make benzene sulfonamide a valuable compound in various chemical reactions and applications.

2. Synthesis of Benzene Sulfonamide
Benzene sulfonamide is typically synthesized through the reaction of an amine group with sulfonyl chloride. The general synthetic process involves the following steps:

Step 1: Sulfonation of Benzene: The first step in the synthesis of benzene sulfonamide is the sulfonation of benzene with chlorosulfonic acid (HSO3Cl) or sulfur trioxide (SO3). This reaction introduces the sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) onto the benzene ring, resulting in the formation of benzenesulfonic acid.

Step 2: Reaction with Amine: In the second step, benzenesulfonic acid reacts with an amine, typically ammonia or a primary amine, under heat. This reaction forms the sulfonamide group (-SO2NH2), yielding benzene sulfonamide.

Step 3: Isolation and Purification: After the reaction, the product is isolated and purified, typically through recrystallization or column chromatography, to obtain pure benzene sulfonamide.

The synthesis of benzene sulfonamide is straightforward, and the compound can be produced in high yields using these well-established methods.

3. Applications of Benzene Sulfonamide
Benzene sulfonamide finds numerous applications across various industries, primarily due to its chemical versatility and ability to form different derivatives. Below are some of the primary applications of benzene sulfonamide:

a. Pharmaceutical Industry
Benzene sulfonamide and its derivatives have significant applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The sulfonamide group is known for its ability to inhibit bacterial growth, making benzene sulfonamide a key precursor in the development of antibiotics and other therapeutic agents.

Antibiotic Synthesis: Benzene sulfonamide is used to synthesize sulfonamide antibiotics, which are effective in treating bacterial infections. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria, a vital process for their survival.

Anti-inflammatory and Diuretic Drugs: Some benzene sulfonamide derivatives are used in the creation of anti-inflammatory and diuretic medications, which are commonly prescribed to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, edema, and certain types of inflammation.
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4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (123-08-: Properties, Applications, and Industrial Significance

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (CAS No. 123-08- is an important organic compound widely used in chemical synthesis, pharmaceutical production, and material science. It is a member of the aldehyde family, with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the benzene ring in the para position relative to the formyl group (-CHO). This compound is valued for its unique chemical structure, which imparts a range of properties making it useful in various applications.

1. Introduction to 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (123-08-
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, also known as para-hydroxybenzaldehyde, is a pale yellow crystalline solid with the molecular formula C7H6O2. The compound features a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the para position and an aldehyde group (-CHO) at the opposite site on the ring. Its structure allows it to act as an intermediate in various organic synthesis reactions, where the hydroxyl and aldehyde groups are critical for introducing functional groups into molecules.

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (123-08- is produced through several methods, including the oxidation of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol or through direct functionalization of aromatic compounds. Due to its versatility, it is used in the production of a wide range of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and flavoring agents.

2. Chemical Properties of 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (123-08-
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (123-08- exhibits a range of chemical properties that make it highly useful in synthetic chemistry:

Functional Groups: The aldehyde group (-CHO) is reactive, enabling 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde to undergo nucleophilic addition reactions and other transformations. The hydroxyl group (-OH) adds polarity to the compound, making it soluble in alcohols, ethers, and polar solvents.

Reactivity: As an aromatic aldehyde, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is highly reactive in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. It can undergo Friedel-Crafts reactions, condensation reactions, and other processes to form various derivatives.

Oxidation and Reduction: The aldehyde group can undergo oxidation to form acids, or it can be reduced to form alcohols. The compound also participates in reactions that involve carbonyl chemistry, making it useful in the synthesis of more complex molecules.

Solubility: 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is soluble in ethanol, methanol, acetone, and other polar solvents. It is insoluble in non-polar solvents like hexane, which is typical for aromatic aldehydes.

Melting Point and Stability: The compound has a melting point of approximately 111-113°C, which makes it a stable, crystalline solid under standard conditions. It should be stored in a cool, dry place away from strong oxidizers.

These chemical properties make 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (123-08- a versatile reagent in synthetic organic chemistry.

3. Applications of 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (123-08-
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is used in a variety of applications across several industries, thanks to its chemical reactivity and versatile functional groups:

3.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
One of the most significant uses of 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (123-08- is as a building block in the pharmaceutical industry. It is used in the synthesis of various bioactive molecules:

Synthesis of Drugs: 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is used in the preparation of compounds with therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer drugs. The aldehyde group can be reacted with amines and alcohols to create sulfonamides, amides, and other functionalized derivatives.

Flavonoid Synthesis: The compound is also an intermediate in the synthesis of flavonoids, which have diverse pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.

Drug Intermediates: 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (123-08- serves as a precursor for the synthesis of more complex pharmaceutical molecules, including those used to treat heart disease, infections, and metabolic disorders.

3.2 Agrochemical Industry
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde plays a role in the agrochemical industry, where it is used in the production of herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides:

Synthesis of Agrochemicals: The aldehyde group in 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde allows it to react with other functional groups to form active ingredients used in plant protection products.

Plant Growth Regulators: It is also used as a starting material for synthesizing plant growth regulators and herbicides that help control unwanted plant species or promote the growth of crops.

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N-butyl Benzene Sulfonamide: Properties, Applications, and Industrial Significance

N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is an important organic compound used in a wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the production of chemicals, polymers, and pharmaceuticals. As a derivative of sulfonamide, it combines the properties of both sulfonamide functionality and the n-butyl group, which gives it unique characteristics and reactivity.

What is N-butyl Benzene Sulfonamide?
N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is an organic compound that features a benzene ring attached to a sulfonamide group (–SO2NH2), with a butyl group (–C4H9) bonded to the nitrogen of the sulfonamide group. The chemical formula for N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is C10H15NO2S. It is typically a colorless to pale yellow solid with a mild, aromatic odor. The sulfonamide functional group is known for its reactivity and ability to form strong bonds with various other chemical species, while the butyl group adds a hydrophobic character to the molecule, influencing its solubility and behavior in different environments.

Key Properties of N-butyl Benzene Sulfonamide
Chemical Structure and Reactivity The key feature of N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is its sulfonamide group, which contains a sulfonyl group (–SO2–) attached to a nitrogen atom (–NH2). The butyl group is attached to the nitrogen atom, giving the compound a longer alkyl chain compared to other benzene sulfonamide derivatives. This structure makes N-butyl benzene sulfonamide a useful intermediate in organic synthesis, as it can undergo various reactions, including nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic aromatic substitution, and condensation reactions.

Physical Properties N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is a crystalline solid that typically appears as a colorless to pale yellow powder. It is moderately soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and chloroform, but has limited solubility in water due to the hydrophobic butyl group. The compound has a melting point around 90–95°C, making it stable at room temperature but reactive when exposed to high heat or moisture.

Solubility and Stability The solubility of N-butyl benzene sulfonamide in organic solvents makes it an excellent candidate for reactions carried out in non-aqueous media. Its stability under standard laboratory conditions ensures that it can be safely stored and used for extended periods without significant degradation, provided it is kept in sealed containers away from excessive moisture and incompatible chemicals.

Applications of N-butyl Benzene Sulfonamide
Pharmaceutical Intermediates N-butyl benzene sulfonamide plays a crucial role as an intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry. It is used in the synthesis of sulfonamide-based drugs, which are important for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic properties. The sulfonamide group in N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is essential for the biological activity of sulfonamide drugs, making it a key building block in the production of antibiotics and other therapeutic agents.

Polymer Chemistry In polymer chemistry, N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is used as a monomer or crosslinking agent in the production of high-performance polymers. Its ability to form covalent bonds with other monomers or polymer chains helps create polymers with improved thermal stability, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance. These materials are used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, and electronics.

Dyes and Pigments N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is also employed in the synthesis of dyes and pigments. The sulfonamide group allows it to form strong interactions with other chemical groups, which is important in creating stable and vivid colorants used in textiles, food, and cosmetics. The butyl group contributes to the solubility and dispersion properties of the resulting compounds.

Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is used as a catalyst or reagent in organic synthesis. It can participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions to introduce sulfonamide groups into target molecules, enabling the formation of sulfonamide derivatives, which are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of various chemicals and pharmaceuticals. In addition, N-butyl benzene sulfonamide is sometimes used in the synthesis of other specialty chemicals, such as surfactants and plasticizers.

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Benzenesulfonyl Chloride: Properties, Applications, and Synthesis

Benzenesulfonyl chloride is a significant organic compound widely utilized in chemical synthesis and industrial applications.

Chemical Properties of Benzenesulfonyl Chloride
Understanding the chemical properties of benzenesulfonyl chloride is crucial for its effective use in various applications.

Molecular Structure: Benzenesulfonyl chloride consists of a benzene ring attached to a sulfonyl chloride group. This unique structure imparts specific reactivity that is essential for its function in chemical reactions.
Physical Properties: Typically, benzenesulfonyl chloride is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a pungent odor. It has a boiling point of approximately 150 °C and is soluble in organic solvents like dichloromethane and ether.
Reactivity: Benzenesulfonyl chloride is highly reactive, capable of undergoing nucleophilic substitution reactions. This property makes it an important reagent in various synthetic pathways.
Applications in Organic Synthesis
Benzenesulfonyl chloride is widely used in organic synthesis, serving as a key reagent in numerous chemical transformations.

Sulfonamide Synthesis: One of the primary applications of benzenesulfonyl chloride is in the synthesis of sulfonamides. By reacting with amines, it introduces sulfonyl groups, forming valuable pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Protecting Groups: In organic synthesis, benzenesulfonyl chloride is employed as a protecting group for alcohols and amines. This allows for selective reactions without interfering with other functional groups present in the molecule.
Formation of Sulfonate Esters: Benzenesulfonyl chloride is also used to create sulfonate esters, which are important intermediates in various chemical processes.
Industrial Uses
In addition to its role in organic synthesis, benzenesulfonyl chloride finds applications across multiple industrial sectors.

Dyes and Pigments: Benzenesulfonyl chloride serves as an intermediate in the production of dyes and pigments, contributing to vibrant colors in textiles and other materials.
Agricultural Chemicals: The compound is utilized in the formulation of agrochemicals, including herbicides and fungicides, enhancing their efficacy and stability.
Pharmaceutical Industry: In the pharmaceutical sector, benzenesulfonyl chloride is crucial for synthesizing various drug compounds, playing a role in the development of new therapeutic agents.
Synthesis of Benzenesulfonyl Chloride
The synthesis of benzenesulfonyl chloride involves specific reactions to obtain high purity and yield.

Starting Materials: The synthesis typically begins with benzenesulfonic acid or its sodium salt, which is chlorinated using thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride.
Reaction Conditions: The reaction is performed under controlled conditions, often requiring heat to facilitate the chlorination process. The resulting product is benzenesulfonyl chloride, along with byproducts that need to be removed.
Purification: After synthesis, purification techniques such as distillation are used to isolate pure benzenesulfonyl chloride from impurities and unreacted materials.
Safety and Handling Considerations
Given the potential hazards associated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, proper safety measures are essential.

Toxicity: Benzenesulfonyl chloride is corrosive and can cause severe irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn during handling to minimize exposure.
Environmental Impact: The compound can be harmful to aquatic life and should be handled carefully to prevent environmental contamination.
Regulatory Compliance: It is crucial to adhere to safety regulations and guidelines for the proper storage, handling, and disposal of benzenesulfonyl chloride to ensure workplace safety.

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N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-p-Toluene Sulfonamide: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications

N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide is a notable compound in organic chemistry, recognized for its unique properties and applications in various fields.

Introduction to N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-p-Toluene Sulfonamide
N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide is characterized by the presence of a nitroso group attached to a p-toluene sulfonamide backbone. This specific structure contributes to its reactivity and utility in various chemical processes, making it an important compound in synthetic organic chemistry.

Chemical Properties of N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-p-Toluene Sulfonamide
Molecular Structure
The molecular formula for N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide is C8H10N2O2S. The compound features a sulfonamide functional group and a nitroso group, which play a crucial role in its chemical behavior and reactivity.

Physical Characteristics
N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide typically appears as a crystalline solid. It is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which facilitates its use in various chemical reactions and formulations.

Synthesis of N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-p-Toluene Sulfonamide
Common Synthetic Methods
Nitrosation of p-Toluene Sulfonamide: One of the primary methods for synthesizing N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide involves the nitrosation of p-toluene sulfonamide using nitrous acid. This reaction results in the formation of the nitroso compound efficiently.

Methylation: The methylation of the resultant nitroso compound can be performed using methylating agents, allowing for the formation of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide.

Applications of N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-p-Toluene Sulfonamide
In Organic Synthesis
N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide is widely used as a reagent in organic synthesis. Its nitroso group allows it to participate in various chemical reactions, facilitating the formation of more complex structures in chemical research.

In Pharmaceutical Research
This compound also finds applications in pharmaceutical research, where it serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of various bioactive molecules. Its derivatives can exhibit significant biological activities, contributing to the development of new therapeutic agents.

In Agrochemicals
N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide is utilized in the formulation of agrochemicals. Its properties may enhance the efficacy of pesticides and herbicides, making it a valuable component in agricultural formulations.

Safety Considerations for Handling N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-p-Toluene Sulfonamide
Toxicity Information
When working with N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide, it is essential to be aware of potential health risks. The compound may pose hazards such as skin and eye irritation. Always consult safety data sheets (SDS) for detailed toxicity information and handling protocols.

Environmental Impact
Preventing the release of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide into the environment is crucial, as it may pose risks to ecosystems. Proper disposal methods should be adhered to according to local regulations to ensure safe handling and mitigate ecological impacts.

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