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The oil and gas (OG) exploitation via hydraulic fracturing (HF) has augmented both energy production and water demand in the United States. Despite the geographical coincidence of U.S. shale plays with water-scarce areas, the water footprint of HF under drought conditions, as well as its impacts on local water allocation, have not been well understood. In this study, we investigated the water consumption by HF activities under different hydroclimate conditions in eleven OG-producing states in the central and western U.S. from