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Since we have discovered that δ-opioid receptor (DOR) is neuroprotective against hypoxic anxiety through a differential legislation of mitogen-activated necessary protein kinases (MAPKs) and anti inflammatory cytokines, we asked if DOR that is extremely expressed into the kidney can modulate renal MAPKs and anti-inflammatory cytokines under hypoxia. We exposed cultured rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK-52E) to prolonged hypoxia (1% O2) with applications of specific DOR agonist or/and antagonist to examine if DOR