4 d - Translate

https://mmafinhibitor.com/scie....ntific-significance-
Current analytic methods cannot easily accommodate item-level lacking information when models involve composites. An extremely typical training in psychology would be to average all available items to produce scale results. This process, described as available-case maximum chance (ACML), may produce biased parameter estimates. Another method scientists use to manage item-level missing data is scale-level full information maximum likelihood (SL-FIML), which treats the complete scale as l