4 d - Translate

https://www.selleckchem.com/pr....oducts/pd-1-pd-l1-in
Most infectious agents use mucosal tissues as entry portals, thus, mucosae are frequently defined as a first line of defense against pathogens. Mucosal protection generally operates through antibody-mediated and cytotoxic T-cell responses which can be triggered by mucosal vaccines. Sublingual vaccination provides many advantages such as systemic and mucosal responses (both locally and at remote mucosal sites), besides being a needle-free administration route with high patient compliance and limited adverse effects. Buccal