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f involvement of the caudal segment was 67% in R-ASD, 70% in S-ASD, and 83% in O-ASD. Conclusions The incidences of R-ASD, S-ASD, and O-ASD were 48%, 15%, and 9%, respectively, after L3-4 PLIF for degenerative lumbar diseases. In contrast to ASD after L4-5 PLIF, ASD after L3-4 PLIF was more frequently observed at the caudal segment than at the cranial segment. In follow-up for patients with L3-4 PLIF, surgeons should pay attention to ASD in the caudal segment.Objective No study has established a relationship between cranial deformations a