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To evaluate effects of Toll-like and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (TLR, NLR) ligand stimulation of equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) on antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties in vitro. Controlled laboratory study. Equine bone-marrow-derived MSCs (three horses). MSCs were stimulated with TLR (polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid [pIC] and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and NLR agonists (γ-d-Glu-mDAP [IE-DAP]) for 2 h, and plated at 1 × 10 cells/well 24 h. MSC-conditioned media (MSC-CM) were collected and assessed for antimi